# class ERB

# `ERB` – Ruby Templating¶ ↑

## Introduction¶ ↑

`ERB` provides an easy to use but powerful templating system for Ruby. Using `ERB`, actual Ruby code can be added to any plain text document for the purposes of generating document information details and/or flow control.

A very simple example is this:

    require 'erb'

    x = 42
    template = ERB.new <<-EOF
      The value of x is: <%= x %>
    EOF
    puts template.result(binding)

Prints: The value of x is: 42

More complex examples are given below.

## Recognized Tags¶ ↑

`ERB` recognizes certain tags in the provided template and converts them based on the rules below:

    <% Ruby code -- inline with output %>
    <%= Ruby expression -- replace with result %>
    <%# comment -- ignored -- useful in testing %> (`<% #` doesn't work. Don't use Ruby comments.)
    % a line of Ruby code -- treated as <% line %> (optional -- see ERB.new)
    %% replaced with % if first thing on a line and % processing is used
    <%% or %%> -- replace with <% or %> respectively

All other text is passed through `ERB` filtering unchanged.

## Options¶ ↑

There are several settings you can change when you use ERB:

- the nature of the tags that are recognized;

- the binding used to resolve local variables in the template.

See the `ERB.new` and `ERB#result` methods for more detail.

## Character encodings¶ ↑

`ERB` (or Ruby code generated by `ERB`) returns a string in the same character encoding as the input string. When the input string has a magic comment, however, it returns a string in the encoding specified by the magic comment.

    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    require 'erb'

    template = ERB.new <<EOF
    <%#-*- coding: Big5 -*-%>
      \_\_ENCODING\_\_ is <%= \_\_ENCODING\_\_ %>.
    EOF
    puts template.result

Prints: _ENCODING_ is Big5.

## Examples¶ ↑

### Plain Text¶ ↑

`ERB` is useful for any generic templating situation. Note that in this example, we use the convenient “% at start of line” tag, and we quote the template literally with `%q{...}` to avoid trouble with the backslash.

    require "erb"

    # Create template.
    template = %q{
      From:  James Edward Gray II <james@grayproductions.net>
      To:  <%= to %>
      Subject:  Addressing Needs

      <%= to[/\w+/] %>:

      Just wanted to send a quick note assuring that your needs are being
      addressed.

      I want you to know that my team will keep working on the issues,
      especially:

      <%# ignore numerous minor requests -- focus on priorities %>
      % priorities.each do |priority|
        * <%= priority %>
      % end

      Thanks for your patience.

      James Edward Gray II
    }.gsub(/^  /, '')

    message = ERB.new(template, trim_mode: "%<>")

    # Set up template data.
    to = "Community Spokesman <spokesman@ruby_community.org>"
    priorities = [ "Run Ruby Quiz",
                   "Document Modules",
                   "Answer Questions on Ruby Talk" ]

    # Produce result.
    email = message.result
    puts email

Generates:

    From:  James Edward Gray II <james@grayproductions.net>
    To:  Community Spokesman <spokesman@ruby_community.org>
    Subject:  Addressing Needs

    Community:

    Just wanted to send a quick note assuring that your needs are being addressed.

    I want you to know that my team will keep working on the issues, especially:

        * Run Ruby Quiz
        * Document Modules
        * Answer Questions on Ruby Talk

    Thanks for your patience.

    James Edward Gray II

### Ruby in HTML¶ ↑

`ERB` is often used in `.rhtml` files (HTML with embedded Ruby). Notice the need in this example to provide a special binding when the template is run, so that the instance variables in the Product object can be resolved.

    require "erb"

    # Build template data class.
    class Product
      def initialize( code, name, desc, cost )
        @code = code
        @name = name
        @desc = desc
        @cost = cost

        @features = [ ]
      end

      def add_feature( feature )
        @features << feature
      end

      # Support templating of member data.
      def get_binding
        binding
      end

      # ...
    end

    # Create template.
    template = %{
      <html>
        <head><title>Ruby Toys -- <%= @name %></title></head>
        <body>

          <h1><%= @name %> (<%= @code %>)</h1>
          <p><%= @desc %></p>

          <ul>
            <% @features.each do |f| %>
              <li><b><%= f %></b></li>
            <% end %>
          </ul>

          <p>
            <% if @cost < 10 %>
              <b>Only <%= @cost %>!!!</b>
            <% else %>
               Call for a price, today!
            <% end %>
          </p>

        </body>
      </html>
    }.gsub(/^  /, '')

    rhtml = ERB.new(template)

    # Set up template data.
    toy = Product.new( "TZ-1002",
                       "Rubysapien",
                       "Geek's Best Friend!  Responds to Ruby commands...",
                       999.95 )
    toy.add_feature("Listens for verbal commands in the Ruby language!")
    toy.add_feature("Ignores Perl, Java, and all C variants.")
    toy.add_feature("Karate-Chop Action!!!")
    toy.add_feature("Matz signature on left leg.")
    toy.add_feature("Gem studded eyes... Rubies, of course!")

    # Produce result.
    rhtml.run(toy.get_binding)

Generates (some blank lines removed):

    <html>
      <head><title>Ruby Toys -- Rubysapien</title></head>
      <body>

        <h1>Rubysapien (TZ-1002)</h1>
        <p>Geek's Best Friend!  Responds to Ruby commands...</p>

        <ul>
            <li><b>Listens for verbal commands in the Ruby language!</b></li>
            <li><b>Ignores Perl, Java, and all C variants.</b></li>
            <li><b>Karate-Chop Action!!!</b></li>
            <li><b>Matz signature on left leg.</b></li>
            <li><b>Gem studded eyes... Rubies, of course!</b></li>
        </ul>

        <p>
             Call for a price, today!
        </p>

      </body>
    </html>

## Notes¶ ↑

There are a variety of templating solutions available in various Ruby projects. For example, `RDoc`, distributed with Ruby, uses its own template engine, which can be reused elsewhere.

Other popular engines could be found in the corresponding Category of The Ruby Toolbox.

### Constants

NOT_GIVEN
VERSION

### Attributes

encoding [R]

The encoding to eval

filename [RW]

The optional filename argument passed to `Kernel#eval` when the `ERB` code is run

lineno [RW]

The optional lineno argument passed to `Kernel#eval` when the `ERB` code is run

src [R]

The Ruby code generated by `ERB`

### Public Class Methods

new (str, safe_level=NOT_GIVEN, legacy_trim_mode=NOT_GIVEN, legacy_eoutvar=NOT_GIVEN, trim_mode: nil, eoutvar: '_erbout')
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 334
    def initialize(str, safe_level=NOT_GIVEN, legacy_trim_mode=NOT_GIVEN, legacy_eoutvar=NOT_GIVEN, trim_mode: nil, eoutvar: '_erbout')
      # Complex initializer for $SAFE deprecation at [Feature #14256]. Use keyword arguments to pass trim_mode or eoutvar.
      if safe_level != NOT_GIVEN
        warn 'Passing safe_level with the 2nd argument of ERB.new is deprecated. Do not use it, and specify other arguments as keyword arguments.', uplevel: 1
      end
      if legacy_trim_mode != NOT_GIVEN
        warn 'Passing trim_mode with the 3rd argument of ERB.new is deprecated. Use keyword argument like ERB.new(str, trim_mode: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1
        trim_mode = legacy_trim_mode
      end
      if legacy_eoutvar != NOT_GIVEN
        warn 'Passing eoutvar with the 4th argument of ERB.new is deprecated. Use keyword argument like ERB.new(str, eoutvar: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1
        eoutvar = legacy_eoutvar
      end

      compiler = make_compiler(trim_mode)
      set_eoutvar(compiler, eoutvar)
      @src, @encoding, @frozen_string = *compiler.compile(str)
      @filename = nil
      @lineno = 0
      @_init = self.class.singleton_class
    end

Constructs a new `ERB` object with the template specified in str.

An `ERB` object works by building a chunk of Ruby code that will output the completed template when run.

If trim_mode is passed a `String` containing one or more of the following modifiers, `ERB` will adjust its code generation as listed:

    %  enables Ruby code processing for lines beginning with %
    <> omit newline for lines starting with <% and ending in %>
    >  omit newline for lines ending in %>
    -  omit blank lines ending in -%>

eoutvar can be used to set the name of the variable `ERB` will build up its output in. This is useful when you need to run multiple `ERB` templates through the same binding and/or when you want to control where output ends up. Pass the name of the variable to be used inside a `String`.

### Example¶ ↑

    require "erb"

    # build data class
    class Listings
      PRODUCT = { :name => "Chicken Fried Steak",
                  :desc => "A well messages pattie, breaded and fried.",
                  :cost => 9.95 }

      attr_reader :product, :price

      def initialize( product = "", price = "" )
        @product = product
        @price = price
      end

      def build
        b = binding
        # create and run templates, filling member data variables
        ERB.new(<<~'END_PRODUCT', trim_mode: "", eoutvar: "@product").result b
          <%= PRODUCT[:name] %>
          <%= PRODUCT[:desc] %>
        END_PRODUCT
        ERB.new(<<~'END_PRICE', trim_mode: "", eoutvar: "@price").result b
          <%= PRODUCT[:name] %> -- <%= PRODUCT[:cost] %>
          <%= PRODUCT[:desc] %>
        END_PRICE
      end
    end

    # setup template data
    listings = Listings.new
    listings.build

    puts listings.product + "\n" + listings.price

Generates

    Chicken Fried Steak
    A well messages pattie, breaded and fried.

    Chicken Fried Steak -- 9.95
    A well messages pattie, breaded and fried.

version ()
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 266
    def self.version
      VERSION
    end

Returns revision information for the erb.rb module.

### Public Instance Methods

def_class (superklass=Object, methodname='result')
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 500
    def def_class(superklass=Object, methodname='result')
      cls = Class.new(superklass)
      def_method(cls, methodname, @filename || '(ERB)')
      cls
    end

Define unnamed class which has methodname as instance method, and return it.

example:

    class MyClass_
      def initialize(arg1, arg2)
        @arg1 = arg1;  @arg2 = arg2
      end
    end
    filename = 'example.rhtml'  # @arg1 and @arg2 are used in example.rhtml
    erb = ERB.new(File.read(filename))
    erb.filename = filename
    MyClass = erb.def_class(MyClass_, 'render()')
    print MyClass.new('foo', 123).render()

def_method (mod, methodname, fname='(ERB)')
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 464
    def def_method(mod, methodname, fname='(ERB)')
      src = self.src.sub(/^(?!#|$)/) {"def #{methodname}\n"} << "\nend\n"
      mod.module_eval do
        eval(src, binding, fname, -1)
      end
    end

Define methodname as instance method of mod from compiled Ruby source.

example:

    filename = 'example.rhtml'   # 'arg1' and 'arg2' are used in example.rhtml
    erb = ERB.new(File.read(filename))
    erb.def_method(MyClass, 'render(arg1, arg2)', filename)
    print MyClass.new.render('foo', 123)

def_module (methodname='erb')
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 481
    def def_module(methodname='erb')
      mod = Module.new
      def_method(mod, methodname, @filename || '(ERB)')
      mod
    end

Create unnamed module, define methodname as instance method of it, and return it.

example:

    filename = 'example.rhtml'   # 'arg1' and 'arg2' are used in example.rhtml
    erb = ERB.new(File.read(filename))
    erb.filename = filename
    MyModule = erb.def_module('render(arg1, arg2)')
    class MyClass
      include MyModule
    end

location= ((filename, lineno))
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 394
    def location=((filename, lineno))
      @filename = filename
      @lineno = lineno if lineno
    end

Sets optional filename and line number that will be used in `ERB` code evaluation and error reporting. See also `filename=` and `lineno=`

    erb = ERB.new('<%= some_x %>')
    erb.render
    # undefined local variable or method `some_x'
    #   from (erb):1

    erb.location = ['file.erb', 3]
    # All subsequent error reporting would use new location
    erb.render
    # undefined local variable or method `some_x'
    #   from file.erb:4

make_compiler (trim_mode)
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 361
    def make_compiler(trim_mode)
      ERB::Compiler.new(trim_mode)
    end

Creates a new compiler for `ERB`. See ERB::Compiler.new for details

result (b=new_toplevel)
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 424
    def result(b=new_toplevel)
      unless @_init.equal?(self.class.singleton_class)
        raise ArgumentError, "not initialized"
      end
      eval(@src, b, (@filename || '(erb)'), @lineno)
    end

Executes the generated `ERB` code to produce a completed template, returning the results of that code. (See `ERB::new` for details on how this process can be affected by safe_level.)

b accepts a `Binding` object which is used to set the context of code evaluation.

result_with_hash (hash)
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 433
    def result_with_hash(hash)
      b = new_toplevel(hash.keys)
      hash.each_pair do |key, value|
        b.local_variable_set(key, value)
      end
      result(b)
    end

Render a template on a new toplevel binding with local variables specified by a `Hash` object.

run (b=new_toplevel)
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 412
    def run(b=new_toplevel)
      print self.result(b)
    end

Generate results and print them. (see `ERB#result`)

set_eoutvar (compiler, eoutvar = '_erbout')
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 404
    def set_eoutvar(compiler, eoutvar = '_erbout')
      compiler.put_cmd = "#{eoutvar}.<<"
      compiler.insert_cmd = "#{eoutvar}.<<"
      compiler.pre_cmd = ["#{eoutvar} = +''"]
      compiler.post_cmd = [eoutvar]
    end

Can be used to set eoutvar as described in `ERB::new`. It’s probably easier to just use the constructor though, since calling this method requires the setup of an `ERB` compiler object.

### Private Instance Methods

new_toplevel (vars = nil)
Source

    # File lib/erb.rb, line 445
    def new_toplevel(vars = nil)
      b = TOPLEVEL_BINDING
      if vars
        vars = vars.select {|v| b.local_variable_defined?(v)}
        unless vars.empty?
          return b.eval("tap {|;#{vars.join(',')}| break binding}")
        end
      end
      b.dup
    end

Returns a new binding each time near TOPLEVEL_BINDING for runs that do not specify a binding.