# class OpenSSL::Cipher

Provides symmetric algorithms for encryption and decryption. The algorithms that are available depend on the particular version of `OpenSSL` that is installed.

### Listing all supported algorithms¶ ↑

A list of supported algorithms can be obtained by

    puts OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers

### Instantiating a `Cipher`¶ ↑

There are several ways to create a `Cipher` instance. Generally, a `Cipher` algorithm is categorized by its name, the key length in bits and the cipher mode to be used. The most generic way to create a `Cipher` is the following

    cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('<name>-<key length>-<mode>')

That is, a string consisting of the hyphenated concatenation of the individual components name, key length and mode. Either all uppercase or all lowercase strings may be used, for example:

    cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('aes-128-cbc')

### Choosing either encryption or decryption mode¶ ↑

Encryption and decryption are often very similar operations for symmetric algorithms, this is reflected by not having to choose different classes for either operation, both can be done using the same class. Still, after obtaining a `Cipher` instance, we need to tell the instance what it is that we intend to do with it, so we need to call either

    cipher.encrypt

or

    cipher.decrypt

on the `Cipher` instance. This should be the first call after creating the instance, otherwise configuration that has already been set could get lost in the process.

### Choosing a key¶ ↑

Symmetric encryption requires a key that is the same for the encrypting and for the decrypting party and after initial key establishment should be kept as private information. There are a lot of ways to create insecure keys, the most notable is to simply take a password as the key without processing the password further. A simple and secure way to create a key for a particular `Cipher` is

    cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('aes-256-cfb')
    cipher.encrypt
    key = cipher.random_key # also sets the generated key on the Cipher

If you absolutely need to use passwords as encryption keys, you should use Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2) by generating the key with the help of the functionality provided by `OpenSSL::PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac_sha1` or `OpenSSL::PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac`.

Although there is `Cipher#pkcs5_keyivgen`, its use is deprecated and it should only be used in legacy applications because it does not use the newer PKCS#5 v2 algorithms.

### Choosing an IV¶ ↑

The cipher modes CBC, CFB, OFB and CTR all need an “initialization vector”, or short, IV. ECB mode is the only mode that does not require an IV, but there is almost no legitimate use case for this mode because of the fact that it does not sufficiently hide plaintext patterns. Therefore

You should never use ECB mode unless you are absolutely sure that you absolutely need it

Because of this, you will end up with a mode that explicitly requires an IV in any case. Although the IV can be seen as public information, i.e. it may be transmitted in public once generated, it should still stay unpredictable to prevent certain kinds of attacks. Therefore, ideally

Always create a secure random IV for every encryption of your Cipher

A new, random IV should be created for every encryption of data. Think of the IV as a nonce (number used once) - it’s public but random and unpredictable. A secure random IV can be created as follows

    cipher = ...
    cipher.encrypt
    key = cipher.random_key
    iv = cipher.random_iv # also sets the generated IV on the Cipher

Although the key is generally a random value, too, it is a bad choice as an IV. There are elaborate ways how an attacker can take advantage of such an IV. As a general rule of thumb, exposing the key directly or indirectly should be avoided at all cost and exceptions only be made with good reason.

### Calling `Cipher#final`¶ ↑

ECB (which should not be used) and CBC are both block-based modes. This means that unlike for the other streaming-based modes, they operate on fixed-size blocks of data, and therefore they require a “finalization” step to produce or correctly decrypt the last block of data by appropriately handling some form of padding. Therefore it is essential to add the output of `OpenSSL::Cipher#final` to your encryption/decryption buffer or you will end up with decryption errors or truncated data.

Although this is not really necessary for streaming-mode ciphers, it is still recommended to apply the same pattern of adding the output of `Cipher#final` there as well - it also enables you to switch between modes more easily in the future.

### Encrypting and decrypting some data¶ ↑

    data = "Very, very confidential data"

    cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('aes-128-cbc')
    cipher.encrypt
    key = cipher.random_key
    iv = cipher.random_iv

    encrypted = cipher.update(data) + cipher.final
    ...
    decipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('aes-128-cbc')
    decipher.decrypt
    decipher.key = key
    decipher.iv = iv

    plain = decipher.update(encrypted) + decipher.final

    puts data == plain #=> true

### Authenticated Encryption and Associated `Data` (AEAD)¶ ↑

If the `OpenSSL` version used supports it, an Authenticated Encryption mode (such as GCM or CCM) should always be preferred over any unauthenticated mode. Currently, `OpenSSL` supports AE only in combination with Associated `Data` (AEAD) where additional associated data is included in the encryption process to compute a tag at the end of the encryption. This tag will also be used in the decryption process and by verifying its validity, the authenticity of a given ciphertext is established.

This is superior to unauthenticated modes in that it allows to detect if somebody effectively changed the ciphertext after it had been encrypted. This prevents malicious modifications of the ciphertext that could otherwise be exploited to modify ciphertexts in ways beneficial to potential attackers.

An associated data is used where there is additional information, such as headers or some metadata, that must be also authenticated but not necessarily need to be encrypted. If no associated data is needed for encryption and later decryption, the `OpenSSL` library still requires a value to be set - “” may be used in case none is available.

An example using the GCM (Galois/Counter Mode). You have 16 bytes key, 12 bytes (96 bits) nonce and the associated data auth_data. Be sure not to reuse the key and nonce pair. Reusing an nonce ruins the security guarantees of GCM mode.

    cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('aes-128-gcm').encrypt
    cipher.key = key
    cipher.iv = nonce
    cipher.auth_data = auth_data

    encrypted = cipher.update(data) + cipher.final
    tag = cipher.auth_tag # produces 16 bytes tag by default

Now you are the receiver. You know the key and have received nonce, auth_data, encrypted and tag through an untrusted network. Note that GCM accepts an arbitrary length tag between 1 and 16 bytes. You may additionally need to check that the received tag has the correct length, or you allow attackers to forge a valid single byte tag for the tampered ciphertext with a probability of 1/256.

    raise "tag is truncated!" unless tag.bytesize == 16
    decipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('aes-128-gcm').decrypt
    decipher.key = key
    decipher.iv = nonce
    decipher.auth_tag = tag
    decipher.auth_data = auth_data

    decrypted = decipher.update(encrypted) + decipher.final

    puts data == decrypted #=> true

### Public Class Methods

OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers → array[string...]
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_s_ciphers(VALUE self)
    {
        VALUE ary;

        ary = rb_ary_new();
        OBJ_NAME_do_all_sorted(OBJ_NAME_TYPE_CIPHER_METH,
                        add_cipher_name_to_ary,
                        (void*)ary);

        return ary;
    }

Returns the names of all available ciphers in an array.

new(string) → cipher
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE str)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        const EVP_CIPHER *cipher;
        char *name;

        name = StringValueCStr(str);
        GetCipherInit(self, ctx);
        if (ctx) {
            ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cipher already initialized!");
        }
        AllocCipher(self, ctx);
        if (!(cipher = EVP_get_cipherbyname(name))) {
            ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unsupported cipher algorithm (%"PRIsVALUE")", str);
        }
        if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, cipher, NULL, NULL, NULL, -1) != 1)
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);

        return self;
    }

The string must contain a valid cipher name like “aes-256-cbc”.

A list of cipher names is available by calling `OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers`.

### Public Instance Methods

auth_data = string → string
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_set_auth_data(VALUE self, VALUE data)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        unsigned char *in;
        long in_len, out_len;

        StringValue(data);

        in = (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(data);
        in_len = RSTRING_LEN(data);

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "AEAD not supported by this cipher");

        if (!ossl_cipher_update_long(ctx, NULL, &out_len, in, in_len))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "couldn't set additional authenticated data");

        return data;
    }

Sets the cipher’s additional authenticated data. This field must be set when using AEAD cipher modes such as GCM or CCM. If no associated data shall be used, this method must still be called with a value of “”. The contents of this field should be non-sensitive data which will be added to the ciphertext to generate the authentication tag which validates the contents of the ciphertext.

The AAD must be set prior to encryption or decryption. In encryption mode, it must be set after calling `Cipher#encrypt` and setting `Cipher#key=` and `Cipher#iv=`. When decrypting, the authenticated data must be set after key, iv and especially after the authentication tag has been set. I.e. set it only after calling `Cipher#decrypt`, `Cipher#key=`, `Cipher#iv=` and `Cipher#auth_tag=` first.

auth_tag(tag_len = 16) → String
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_get_auth_tag(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        VALUE vtag_len, ret;
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        int tag_len = 16;

        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &vtag_len);
        if (NIL_P(vtag_len))
            vtag_len = rb_attr_get(self, id_auth_tag_len);
        if (!NIL_P(vtag_len))
            tag_len = NUM2INT(vtag_len);

        GetCipher(self, ctx);

        if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "authentication tag not supported by this cipher");

        ret = rb_str_new(NULL, tag_len);
        if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_GET_TAG, tag_len, RSTRING_PTR(ret)))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "retrieving the authentication tag failed");

        return ret;
    }

Gets the authentication tag generated by Authenticated Encryption `Cipher` modes (GCM for example). This tag may be stored along with the ciphertext, then set on the decryption cipher to authenticate the contents of the ciphertext against changes. If the optional integer parameter tag_len is given, the returned tag will be tag_len bytes long. If the parameter is omitted, the default length of 16 bytes or the length previously set by `auth_tag_len=` will be used. For maximum security, the longest possible should be chosen.

The tag may only be retrieved after calling `Cipher#final`.

auth_tag = string → string
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag(VALUE self, VALUE vtag)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        unsigned char *tag;
        int tag_len;

        StringValue(vtag);
        tag = (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(vtag);
        tag_len = RSTRING_LENINT(vtag);

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "authentication tag not supported by this cipher");

        if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_TAG, tag_len, tag))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unable to set AEAD tag");

        return vtag;
    }

Sets the authentication tag to verify the integrity of the ciphertext. This can be called only when the cipher supports AE. The tag must be set after calling `Cipher#decrypt`, `Cipher#key=` and `Cipher#iv=`, but before calling `Cipher#final`. After all decryption is performed, the tag is verified automatically in the call to `Cipher#final`.

For OCB mode, the tag length must be supplied with `auth_tag_len=` beforehand.

auth_tag_len = Integer → Integer
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag_len(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
    {
        int tag_len = NUM2INT(vlen);
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "AEAD not supported by this cipher");

        if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_TAG, tag_len, NULL))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unable to set authentication tag length");

        /* for #auth_tag */
        rb_ivar_set(self, id_auth_tag_len, INT2NUM(tag_len));

        return vlen;
    }

Sets the length of the authentication tag to be generated or to be given for AEAD ciphers that requires it as in input parameter. Note that not all AEAD ciphers support this method.

In OCB mode, the length must be supplied both when encrypting and when decrypting, and must be before specifying an IV.

authenticated? → true | false
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_is_authenticated(VALUE self)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);

        return (EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }

Indicated whether this `Cipher` instance uses an Authenticated Encryption mode.

block_size → integer
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_block_size(VALUE self)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);

        return INT2NUM(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx));
    }

Returns the size in bytes of the blocks on which this `Cipher` operates on.

ccm_data_len = integer → integer
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_set_ccm_data_len(VALUE self, VALUE data_len)
    {
        int in_len, out_len;
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;

        in_len = NUM2INT(data_len);

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        if (EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, NULL, &out_len, NULL, in_len) != 1)
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);

        return data_len;
    }

Sets the length of the plaintext / ciphertext message that will be processed in CCM mode. Make sure to call this method after `key=` and `iv=` have been set, and before `auth_data=`.

Only call this method after calling `Cipher#encrypt` or `Cipher#decrypt`.

decrypt → self
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        return ossl_cipher_init(argc, argv, self, 0);
    }

Initializes the `Cipher` for decryption.

Make sure to call `Cipher#encrypt` or `Cipher#decrypt` before using any of the following methods:

- `key=`, `iv=`, `random_key`, `random_iv`, `pkcs5_keyivgen`

Internally calls EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0).

encrypt → self
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        return ossl_cipher_init(argc, argv, self, 1);
    }

Initializes the `Cipher` for encryption.

Make sure to call `Cipher#encrypt` or `Cipher#decrypt` before using any of the following methods:

- `key=`, `iv=`, `random_key`, `random_iv`, `pkcs5_keyivgen`

Internally calls EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 1).

final → string
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_final(VALUE self)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        int out_len;
        VALUE str;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        str = rb_str_new(0, EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx));
        if (!EVP_CipherFinal_ex(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
        assert(out_len <= RSTRING_LEN(str));
        rb_str_set_len(str, out_len);

        return str;
    }

Returns the remaining data held in the cipher object. Further calls to `Cipher#update` or `Cipher#final` will return garbage. This call should always be made as the last call of an encryption or decryption operation, after having fed the entire plaintext or ciphertext to the `Cipher` instance.

If an authenticated cipher was used, a `CipherError` is raised if the tag could not be authenticated successfully. Only call this method after setting the authentication tag and passing the entire contents of the ciphertext into the cipher.

initialize_copy (p1)
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx1, *ctx2;

        rb_check_frozen(self);
        if (self == other) return self;

        GetCipherInit(self, ctx1);
        if (!ctx1) {
            AllocCipher(self, ctx1);
        }
        GetCipher(other, ctx2);
        if (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy(ctx1, ctx2) != 1)
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);

        return self;
    }

iv = string → string
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_set_iv(VALUE self, VALUE iv)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        int iv_len = 0;

        StringValue(iv);
        GetCipher(self, ctx);

        if (EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER)
            iv_len = (int)(VALUE)EVP_CIPHER_CTX_get_app_data(ctx);
        if (!iv_len)
            iv_len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx);
        if (RSTRING_LEN(iv) != iv_len)
            ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "iv must be %d bytes", iv_len);

        if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(iv), -1) != 1)
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);

        return iv;
    }

Sets the cipher IV. Please note that since you should never be using ECB mode, an IV is always explicitly required and should be set prior to encryption. The IV itself can be safely transmitted in public, but it should be unpredictable to prevent certain kinds of attacks. You may use `Cipher#random_iv` to create a secure random IV.

Only call this method after calling `Cipher#encrypt` or `Cipher#decrypt`.

iv_len → integer
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_iv_length(VALUE self)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        int len = 0;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        if (EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER)
            len = (int)(VALUE)EVP_CIPHER_CTX_get_app_data(ctx);
        if (!len)
            len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx);

        return INT2NUM(len);
    }

Returns the expected length in bytes for an IV for this `Cipher`.

iv_len = integer → integer
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_set_iv_length(VALUE self, VALUE iv_length)
    {
        int len = NUM2INT(iv_length);
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "cipher does not support AEAD");

        if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_IVLEN, len, NULL))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "unable to set IV length");

        /*
         * EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length() returns the default length. So we need to save
         * the length somewhere. Luckily currently we aren't using app_data.
         */
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_app_data(ctx, (void *)(VALUE)len);

        return iv_length;
    }

Sets the IV/nonce length of the `Cipher`. Normally block ciphers don’t allow changing the IV length, but some make use of IV for ‘nonce’. You may need this for interoperability with other applications.

key = string → string
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_set_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        int key_len;

        StringValue(key);
        GetCipher(self, ctx);

        key_len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_key_length(ctx);
        if (RSTRING_LEN(key) != key_len)
            ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "key must be %d bytes", key_len);

        if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(key), NULL, -1) != 1)
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);

        rb_ivar_set(self, id_key_set, Qtrue);

        return key;
    }

Sets the cipher key. To generate a key, you should either use a secure random byte string or, if the key is to be derived from a password, you should rely on PBKDF2 functionality provided by `OpenSSL::PKCS5`. To generate a secure random-based key, `Cipher#random_key` may be used.

Only call this method after calling `Cipher#encrypt` or `Cipher#decrypt`.

key_len → integer
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_key_length(VALUE self)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);

        return INT2NUM(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_key_length(ctx));
    }

Returns the key length in bytes of the `Cipher`.

key_len = integer → integer
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_set_key_length(VALUE self, VALUE key_length)
    {
        int len = NUM2INT(key_length);
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        if (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_key_length(ctx, len) != 1)
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);

        return key_length;
    }

Sets the key length of the cipher. If the cipher is a fixed length cipher then attempting to set the key length to any value other than the fixed value is an error.

Under normal circumstances you do not need to call this method (and probably shouldn’t).

See EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_key_length for further information.

name → string
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_name(VALUE self)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);

        return rb_str_new2(EVP_CIPHER_name(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)));
    }

Returns the short name of the cipher which may differ slightly from the original name provided.

padding = integer → integer
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_set_padding(VALUE self, VALUE padding)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        int pad = NUM2INT(padding);

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        if (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding(ctx, pad) != 1)
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
        return padding;
    }

Enables or disables padding. By default encryption operations are padded using standard block padding and the padding is checked and removed when decrypting. If the pad parameter is zero then no padding is performed, the total amount of data encrypted or decrypted must then be a multiple of the block size or an error will occur.

See EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding for further information.

pkcs5_keyivgen(pass, salt = nil, iterations = 2048, digest = "MD5") → nil
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        const EVP_MD *digest;
        VALUE vpass, vsalt, viter, vdigest;
        unsigned char key[EVP_MAX_KEY_LENGTH], iv[EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH], *salt = NULL;
        int iter;

        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &vpass, &vsalt, &viter, &vdigest);
        StringValue(vpass);
        if(!NIL_P(vsalt)){
            StringValue(vsalt);
            if(RSTRING_LEN(vsalt) != PKCS5_SALT_LEN)
                ossl_raise(eCipherError, "salt must be an 8-octet string");
            salt = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(vsalt);
        }
        iter = NIL_P(viter) ? 2048 : NUM2INT(viter);
        if (iter <= 0)
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "iterations must be a positive integer");
        digest = NIL_P(vdigest) ? EVP_md5() : ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(vdigest);
        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        EVP_BytesToKey(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx), digest, salt,
                       (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(vpass), RSTRING_LENINT(vpass), iter, key, iv);
        if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, key, iv, -1) != 1)
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
        OPENSSL_cleanse(key, sizeof key);
        OPENSSL_cleanse(iv, sizeof iv);

        rb_ivar_set(self, id_key_set, Qtrue);

        return Qnil;
    }

Generates and sets the key/IV based on a password.

WARNING: This method is only `PKCS5` v1.5 compliant when using RC2, RC4-40, or DES with MD5 or SHA1. Using anything else (like AES) will generate the key/iv using an `OpenSSL` specific method. This method is deprecated and should no longer be used. Use a `PKCS5` v2 key generation method from `OpenSSL::PKCS5` instead.

### Parameters¶ ↑

- salt must be an 8 byte string if provided.

- iterations is an integer with a default of 2048.

- digest is a `Digest` object that defaults to ‘MD5’

A minimum of 1000 iterations is recommended.

random_iv → iv
Source

    # File ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb, line 55
    def random_iv
      str = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(self.iv_len)
      self.iv = str
    end

Generate a random IV with `OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes` and sets it to the cipher, and returns it.

You must call `encrypt` or `decrypt` before calling this method.

random_key → key
Source

    # File ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb, line 43
    def random_key
      str = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(self.key_len)
      self.key = str
    end

Generate a random key with `OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes` and sets it to the cipher, and returns it.

You must call `encrypt` or `decrypt` before calling this method.

reset → self
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_reset(VALUE self)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;

        GetCipher(self, ctx);
        if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, -1) != 1)
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);

        return self;
    }

Fully resets the internal state of the `Cipher`. By using this, the same `Cipher` instance may be used several times for encryption or decryption tasks.

Internally calls EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, -1).

update(data [, buffer]) → string or buffer
Source

    static VALUE
    ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
    {
        EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
        unsigned char *in;
        long in_len, out_len;
        VALUE data, str;

        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &data, &str);

        if (!RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_key_set)))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, "key not set");

        StringValue(data);
        in = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data);
        in_len = RSTRING_LEN(data);
        GetCipher(self, ctx);

        /*
         * As of OpenSSL 3.2, there is no reliable way to determine the required
         * output buffer size for arbitrary cipher modes.
         * https://github.com/openssl/openssl/issues/22628
         *
         * in_len+block_size is usually sufficient, but AES key wrap with padding
         * ciphers require in_len+15 even though they have a block size of 8 bytes.
         *
         * Using EVP_MAX_BLOCK_LENGTH (32) as a safe upper bound for ciphers
         * currently implemented in OpenSSL, but this can change in the future.
         */
        if (in_len > LONG_MAX - EVP_MAX_BLOCK_LENGTH) {
            ossl_raise(rb_eRangeError,
                       "data too big to make output buffer: %ld bytes", in_len);
        }
        out_len = in_len + EVP_MAX_BLOCK_LENGTH;

        if (NIL_P(str)) {
            str = rb_str_new(0, out_len);
        } else {
            StringValue(str);
            if ((long)rb_str_capacity(str) >= out_len)
                rb_str_modify(str);
            else
                rb_str_modify_expand(str, out_len - RSTRING_LEN(str));
        }

        if (!ossl_cipher_update_long(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len, in, in_len))
            ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
        assert(out_len <= RSTRING_LEN(str));
        rb_str_set_len(str, out_len);

        return str;
    }

Encrypts data in a streaming fashion. Hand consecutive blocks of data to the `update` method in order to encrypt it. Returns the encrypted data chunk. When done, the output of `Cipher#final` should be additionally added to the result.

If buffer is given, the encryption/decryption result will be written to it. buffer will be resized automatically.