Lesson files

In GNU Solfege, each exercise is created by a lesson file interpreted by one of the exercise modules.

Exercise modules

harmonicintervals

Train harmonic intervals.

melodicintervals

Train one or more melodic intervals.

singinterval

This is an exercise where the program display an interval and play the first tone. Then the user should sing the interval, and then click a button to hear the correct answer. There is no microphone support yet.

idbyname

This is a very generic exercise. In its most basic form, the program will play some sound, and you have to select among several buttons that in some way represents the music.

chord

The chord module act as a specialized idbyname module. The difference is that with the chord module you can write lesson files where the user should tell what inversion the chord is in, and what the top tone is.

chordvoicing

A two-step exercise. First you should identify the chord. Then you should stack the tones in the chord in the correct order.

compareintervals

Solfege plays two intervals, and you should say which one is largest.

rhythm

A simple rhythm exercise. Solfege will randomly generate rhythm patterns that the user should recreate by clicking on buttons.

dictation

harmonicprogressiondictation

idtone

identifybpm

twelvetone

singchord

File encoding

Solfege by default expects the content of lesson files to be in UTF-8 encoding. Modern editors often let you specify the encoding in the "Save As" dialog. One example is gedit. Other programs, like vim and emacs let you specify the encoding inside the text file.

If this sounds complicated, you can safely ignore the whole encoding issue if you restrict yourself to use only standard ascii characters. That is only the letters a to z.

If you create lesson files with a different encoding, you have to declare the encoding in a special comment at the top of the file. This because Solfege and the tools used to translate Solfege cannot guess the encoding safely. We follow the same conventions as the Python language. See PEP-0263 for the details.

What you have to do is add a comment to one of the first two lines of the lesson file, where part of the line matches coding=encoding or coding: encoding. Extra characters on the line are ignored, so if you use the emacs or vim editors, you can conveniently tell the editor about the file encoding. The following example sets the charset to ISO 8859-1, a charset commonly used in many west-european languages:

# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-

Russians might want to use koi8-r:

# -*- coding: koi8-r -*-

Same as above, but in a format that works with the vim:

# vim: set fileencoding= koi8-r :

The program use the python libs to convert to unicode, so it should understand almost any encoding you can think of. If you see some characters are missing, for example when the name of questions are displayed on buttons, then most likely you have done something wrong with the encoding.

Useful unicode characters

Unicode has some characters that you might want to use to make labels look more professionally. If your editor use unicode by default, you may copy-and-paste the characters you need from here, if you are viewing this documentation in a web browser. The number is a hexidecimal number.

ø 00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE

Half-diminished seventh chord.

° 00B0 DEGREE SIGN

Diminished seventh chord.

25B3 WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE, Δ 0394 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA

Major seventh chord. We do not know which character to recommend. Solfege does not care, so you can use the symbol you like.

266D MUSIC FLAT SIGN

This sign can be used instead of the letter 'b' for a flat sign.

266F MUSIC SHARP SIGN

This can be used instead of the letter '#' for the sharp sign.

Comments

Everything after # on a line is ignored. Example:

# This line is ignored. The next line is not.
question { bla bla }

Types

Strings

Strings are quoted with the " character. Example:

"this is a string"

Use tripple quotes for strings that contain line breaks, or if the string itself has to contain the " character:

description = """<h1>Long desription<h1> This lessonfile need
very much descriptions. Qoutes (") are ok here. bla bla bla"""

NB: All strings have to be unicode strings. If you get error messages like this one:

In line 21 of input: does not recognise this string ';lt;' as a valid token.'
(line 20): question {
(line 21): question {
(line 22):   name = _("Ionia�)

then you must check the encoding of your file, and maybe you should read “File encoding”. You can change the encoding of a file using the iconv program:

iconv -f YOUR_ENCODING -t utf8 your.file

Tempo

The tempo of music is entered as bpm/beatlen. The following example will set the tempo to 120 beats per minute, each beat being a quarter note.

tempo = 120/4

Global variables

Global variables can save you a few key strokes.

s = "\score\relative c'{ %s }
question {
# instead of music = music("\score\relative c'{ c d e f g2 g2 }") 
music = music(s % "c d e f g2 g")
}

Lesson file contents

A lesson file consist of one header block and zero or more question blocks:

header {
 ASSIGNMENT
 ASSIGNMENT
 ...
}
question {
 ASSIGNMENT
 ...
}

Header block

The header block can be placed anywhere in the file, but by convention it should be the first block in the file.

Variables shared by many exercise modules

module

Tell what execise module that will run the lesson file. This variable is requried for all lesson files. (The variable was added in Solfege 2.9.0 where it replaced the content variable.). Example:

module = idbyname
lesson_id

Each file need a unique identifier. The identifier can be any string you like, and if you don't add one, Solfege will add one for you. Solfege will also offer to create a new lesson_id if you have two files with identical lesson_id. Example:

lesson_id = "5b30c9ae-09f1-40b3-9333-4789638dc851"
version

Tell the version of solfege the lessonfile is known to work with. This variable is not required, but it should be used because it can (but don't guarantee to) help avoid trouble if the lesson file format changes in the future. Example:

version = "3.0.7"
title

Short one-line description that will be used for creating the menu entry for the exercise. You should add this to all lesson files. Example:

title = "Minor and major chords in root position"
lesson_heading

A short heading that will be displayed above the exercise. It should say what the purpose of the exercise is. Some modules provide a default value, others leave the string empty. Example:

lesson_heading = _("Identify the chord")
help

This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F1. Example:

help = "idbyname-intonation"

By default, Solfege will display the help file that has the same name as the exercise module being used in the lesson file.

theory

This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F3. Pressing F3 should display music theory about the exercise. Don't include this variable if there are no music theory written. Example:

theory = "scales/maj"
random_transpose

In some exercises the program can transpose the music to create variation. The default value is yes. (The default value changed from no to yes in Solfege 3.0.)

Used in modules: chord, chordvoicing, harmonicprogressiondictation, idbyname, singanswer, singchord

Possible values

random_transpose = no

No transposition will be done.

random_transpose = yes

The exercise will do random transposition. What kind of transposition depends on the exercise, but you get a ok result from this. This is the default value.

random_transpose = accidentals, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

Transpose the question by random and make sure the key signature of the question does not get more than a certain number of accidentals. In this context, the number of accidentals can be described by an integer value. A negative value denote a number of flats (b), and a positive number denote a number o sharps (#). Zero mean no accidentals. The integers INTEGER1 and INTEGER2 defines a range of allowed number of accidentals.

For this transposition mode to work properly, the music in the lessonfile has to be in the keys c major or a minor, or the question must have a key variable telling the key signature.

random_transpose = key, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

Transpose the music INTEGER1 steps down or INTEGER2 steps up the circle of fifth. In this context up is more sharps and down is more flats. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed.

random_transpose = semitones, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

Transpose the music at most INTEGER1 semitones down or INTEGER2 semitones up. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed. You will easily end up with music in the keys with LOTS of accidentals.

enable_right_click = no

By default, Solfege will let the user right-click on buttons to hear the music they represent without guessing. Set this variable to no for lesson files where it does not make sense, for example in a idbyname lesson file where many questions have the same name.

Modules: idbyname, chordvoicing and chord.

disable_unused_intervals = no

By default, Solfege will make the buttons insensitive for intervals that are not being asked. Set this variable to no if you want all buttons to be sensitive.

Modules: harmonicinterval and melodicinterval.

ask_for_intervals_0

Select which intervals to ask for. 1 for minor second, 2 for major second, 3 or minor third etc. Use a negative number for descending intervals. To ask for more that one interval create the variables ask_for_intervals_1, ask_for_intervals_2 etc. In the following example Solfege will ask for two intervals. The first will be either a minor second or a major second, both intervals going up. And the second interval will be either major second or minor third, both intervals going down.

ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2]
ask_for_intervals_1 = [-2, -3]
    

Modules: melodicinterval and singinterval.

intervals

This variable tell which intervals should be asked for in exercises using the harmonicinterval module. 1 for minor second, 2 for major second, 3 or minor third etc. Example that will practise thirds:

intervals = [3, 4]

Modules: harmonicinterval.

test

This variable defines the test for the exercise. In a test, Solfege will ask all the questions in the lesson file a number of times. This variable is always used together with test_requirement. In the following example, each question will be asked 3 times:

test = "3x"

Modules: harmonicinterval, idbyname, melodicinterval and singinterval.

test_requirement

This variable defines how large percentage of the questions has to be answered correctly to pass the test. Example:

test_requirement = "90%"

Modules: harmonicinterval, idbyname, melodicinterval and singinterval.

have_repeat_arpeggio_button = yes

Set to yes if you want the exercise to have a "Repeat arpeggio" button.

Modules: singanswer.

have_music_displayer = yes

Set to yes if you want the question to have a music displayer.

In the idbyname module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the program will display the answer when the user gives up or answers the question correctly. You might also want to read about at_question_start.

In the singanswer module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the music will be displayed when the question is displayed.

Modules: idbyname, elembuilder and singanswer.

music_displayer_stafflines = INTEGER

The number of empty staff lines to display when we have no music to display.

Modules: idbyname and elembuilder.

at_question_start

This variable changes what happens when the user clicks New. By default, Solfege will play the music when the user clicks New, and only display the music when the question is answered correctly and the have_music_displayer variable is set to yes. Setting this variable will also set have_music_displayer to yes.

at_question_start = show

The exercise will get a Play music button. When the user clicks New the music will be displayed in the music displayer, but no music is played. Click Play music to hear the music.

at_question_start = play

The exercise will get a Display music button. When the user clicks New the music is played. Click Display music to see the music.

at_question_start = show, play

When the user clicks New the music is both played and displayed.

Modules: idbyname, elembuilder and rhythmtapping2.

vmusic

This variable holds a representation of the question intended to be displayed. This can be necessary if the music is a .wav or .mp3 file. It will be used when the user clicks Show music or when the question is answered correctly (if we have a musicdisplayer). Added to idbyname in Solfege 2.5.1 and to elembuilder in 3.9.2.

Modules: idbyname and elembuilder.

rhythm_elements

A list of integers (1-34) telling what elementes we should use when creating questions. Example:

rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

0:c4 , 1:c8 c8 , 2:c16 c16 c16 c16 , 3:c8 c16 c16 , 4:c16 c16 c8 , 5:c16 c8 c16 , 6:c8. c16 , 7:c16 c8. , 8:r4 , 9:r8c8 , 10:r8 c16 c16 , 11:r16 c16 c8 , 12:r16c8c16 , 13:r16 c16 c16 c16 , 14:r8 r16 c16 , 15:r16 c8. , 16:c12 c12 c12 , 17:r12 c12 c12 , 18:c12 r12 c12 , 19:c12 c12 r12 , 20:r12 r12 c12 , 21:r12 c12 r12 , 22:c4. , 23:c4 c8 , 24:c8 c4 , 25:c8 c8 c8 , 26:c4 c16 c16 , 27:c16 c16 c4 , 28:c8 c8 c16 c16 , 29:c8 c16 c16 c8 , 30:c16 c16 c8 c8 , 31:c8 c16 c16 c16 c16 , 32:c16 c16 c8 c16 c16 , 33:c16 c16 c16 c16 c8 , 34:c16 c16 c16 c16 c16 c16

Modules: rhythm and rhythmtapping2

Variables that has been obsoleted

number_of_intervals = INTEGER

Made obsolete in Solfege 3.1.5. Solfege will find this number automatically now, so this variable is ignored.

Question block

Variables you can define in the question block

name

Questions written for the idbyname or elembuilder exercise modules need a name. A name is optional for dictation module.

music

For most lesson files the music representing the question is assigned to this variable. Note that there is a shortcut. Instead of:

question {
  name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
  music = music(...)"
}

you can write:

question {
  name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
  music(...)
}

Music objects are documented in music objects”.

tempo

Set the tempo for this questions music. The variable is defined "beats per minute" / "notelen per beat". Example:

tempo = 150 / 4

This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.

Modules: idbyname, chord, chordvoicing and rhythmtapping.

instrument

By default, Solfege will use the instrument specified on the preferences window when playing questions. This variable let you select a different instrument. Example:

instrument = "cello", 100

The instrument name has to be quoted. The integer is the velocity of the tones, and it should be in the range 0-127. You can see a list of instrument names in “Midi instrument names”. For lesson files where it makes sense, it is possible to specify three set of instruments. The following example will play bass for the lowest tone, piano in the middle and clarinet on the top tone:

instrument = "bass", 100, "acoustic grand", 100, "clarinet", 100

This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.

Modules: idbyname, chord, singanswer and chordvoicing

set

The set variable is used by some exercise modules to select which question to play when the user right clicks on one of the answer buttons. This can be useful if the lesson file has many questions with the same name, and you want solfege to play the question that is most closely related to the question being asked. You can assign whatever value you want. A good suggestion is to use integers.

In lesson files that does not use the set variable, solfege will play the first question it can find with the same name as the button the user right clicks on.

If the lesson file uses the set, or more precisely, if the question being asked has the variable defined, the program will first try to find a question where the set variable matches the question being asked, and the name matches the button clicked. If no match is found, the program will select a question to play as if the set variable was not used at all.

Modules: idbyname and chordvoicing.

music objects

Each question in your lesson files will define one or more music objects.

music

This is music entered completely following the music format FIXME spec. This means you have to enter complete code with a \staff command. Example:

variable = music("\staff\relative c' { c' d' }")
chord

Enter the tones from the lowest to the highest tone, like this:

variable = chord("c' e' g'")
satb

This type of music is used by the singchord exercises. It let you say which tones of a chord the different voices in a choir will sing. Take this, for example:

variable = satb("c''|e'|g|c")

The c'' will be sung by the soprano, e' by the alto, g by the tenor and c by the bass. Please notice that when this music is played in arpeggio, the tones to be sung by the women, will be played one octave deeper, of the user is a male. And vice versa if the user is a female or a child.

voice

This musictype saves some key strokes if you want to enter a melody.

variable = voice("c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")

is the same as

variable = music("\staff{ c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")
rvoice

rvoice is similar to voice except that the music is in \relative mode, relative to the first tone. The following two statements produce the same music:

variable = rvoice("c'4 c g' g | a a g2")
\staff\relative c'{ c4 c g' g' | a a g2 }
    
percussion

This music object provides a simple way to play rhythms with percussion instruments. Each tone represents a percussion instrument as defined in “Percussion instrument names”. In the following example, the tone c is translated to the midi sound Side Stick and d to a Mute triangle.

variable = rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4")

rhythm

This music object let you write questions that taps rhythms with the two instruments defined in the preferences window. The tone c will play the rhythm representing the question, and the tone d can be used if you want to write some sort of "count-in" before the question starts. Example:

rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4 c c8 c8")

You should only use two pitches, c and d. Other pitches will print a warning, but will still work in the current implementation. To play real percussion with many different instruments you should use the percussion music object.

midifile

Play a midi file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:

variable = midifile("share/example.mid")
wavfile

Play a .wav file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:

variable = wavfile("share/fifth-small-220.00.wav")
mp3file

Play a MP3 file. Similar to wavfile.

oggfile

Play an Ogg Vorbis file. Similar to wavfile.

csound

Given a CSound orchestra and score, this music object will generate a WAV file and play it. Example:

csound(load("share/sinus.orc"), """
    f1 0 4096 10 1
    i1 0 1 220.0
    i1 + 1 329.04
    """)
    
mma(mmacode), mma(groove, mmacode)

Create a music object that use MMA to generate music that it will play. If you create the object with one argument, mmacode should be a string with complete MMA code. With two arguments, groove is a string with the name of the groove, and mmacode is comple MMA code, except it could be missing the initial "Groove" instruction. The groove from groove will be prepended the string.

cmdline

Run an external program. Example:

cmdline("./bin/csound-play-harmonic-interval.sh 220.000000 320.100000")

Functions

  • _(message)

    Return the translation of message if it exist. Return the string unchanged if not.

    title = _("Bla bla title")
  • include(filename)

    Read the file filename into the lesson file and parse it as a part of the file. The filename is relative to the location of the lesson file.

    include("singchord-1")

    The lesson header variables will be taken from the including lesson file. Only if a variable is only defined in the included lesson file, and not in the including lesson file, then the value will be taken from the included file.

  • load(filename)

    Read the file filename from disk and return it as a string. The filename is relative to the location of the lesson file.

    orc = load("share/sinus.orc")

Label functions

We call these functions label functions because we use them to create the label for some questions in the program. You should only use these functions where they are documented to work.

  • pangomarkup(pangostring)

    Return a label that the program can put on a button. The label is created using GTK pangomarkup. Google for "pango markup" to get the markup explained. Notice that you have to use triple qoutes around the string.

    pangomarkup("""<span size="xx-large">V</span>""")
  • plabel(str1, str2, str3)

    We have to think about the name of this function.

    Return a label created by merging the three strings. str1 has the largest font, followed by str2 with a small font, and then str3 with a font almost as large as for str1. New in version 3.11.0.

    plabel("I", "maj", "7")
    
    plabel of a Cmaj7
  • progressionlabel(str)

    This function has existed in Solfege for a while, but it has not been documented until now. Should we find a shorter function name? An alias can be added so that the old long function name still works.

    Return a label. str is interpreted like this:

    • Each letter outside of a parentheses is displayed with a large serif font, just like plabel.

    • The text inside parentheses is displayed as a superscript: smaller letters above the baseline.

    • If the text inside the parentheses is divided by a comma, the text before the comma is superscript and after the comma is subscript.

    progressionlabel("I-IV-(6,4)V(5,3)-I")
    progressionlabel("I-VI-V(6)-I")"
    progressionlabel("C(maj7)")
     
  • rnc(str)

    Display a sequence of roman numeral chords. The chords are separated by whitespace and an optional hyphen. The exact implementation of this is still open for discussion. The current developent version of Solfege will divide each chord in 3 parts and give them different font sizes, and also try to make the chord compact, so that it should not take too much space on screen.

    • The first part of the chord is the roman numberal, including an optional b or (unicode character U+266D MUSIC FLAT SIGN).

    • The second part is the letters (if any) between the first and the third part.

    • The third part is from the first digit and the rest of the chord.

    rnc("Imaj7-IIm7-V9-Imaj7")

    Spaces are not allowed in the chord name.

    New in version 3.11.0.

Operators

Operators can only be used on strings. + is used for joining strings, and % is similar to what you find in python, but it is very limited. It only know about %s. One example:

"\staff\relative c'{%s}" % "c d e"

evaluates to

\staff\relative c'{c d e}